Beginners Linux Guide [Part 1]

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Linux was generally command line Operating System when established, Due to its huge popularity we have GUI [Graphical User Interface] Or "Windows In Linux"

Windows in Linux

The basic System for Graphical Environment in Linux is "X-Windows", "X-windows" or "X-Free-86". Running within "X" is a windows manager or a complete Environment knowns as "Desktop". The most common "desktops" are Gnome or KDE, but there are more lightweight "windows manager" that run within X. Though it offers Windows Like Environment, But Linux is centered arround the Command Line. 

Basics Of Linux Operating System

Whenever Linux Starts, It launch GUI, If you want to open Command Line it can be launched by pressing following commands:-

Code:

1). Ctrl+Alt+F1
2). Ctrl+Alt+F2
3). Ctrl+Alt+F3
4). Ctrl+Alt+F4
5). Ctrl+Alt+F5
6). Ctrl+Alt+F6

To start X-Windows from a command Line :-

Code:

startx

When you press this, it will start up X-Windows server & display the default windows manager.

Understanding above "startx" command, when You type "startx" and press enter, it opens 

Code:

startx --:0

This identifies that it is loaded with display 0.

So, You can open several Windows with this command just by changine from 0 to number like

Code:

startx --:1 or startx--:2 or startx --:3

etc., 

To switch between different environment, you can type

Code:

1). ctrl+alt+F7 or
2). ctrl+alt+F8

To get the command line from GUI, it's very easy too.

Quote:1). Applications=>Accessories=>Terminal. or
2). F12

General Linux Notes

Linux is Case Sensitive which is different from windows environment, "Dog.txt", "DOG.txt", "doG.txt" will be considered 3 different files, where in windows they all will be seen as one file.
Filenames can be upto 256 character and can contain letters like "."(dot), "_"(underscore), "-"(dash), and try to avoid space as many of the time in server, when you rename the files which contains spaces will trouble you, for e.g, if you have file with name "World Of Hacker" and if you select rename option in your server cpanel than it will give you only "World " and the rest of the words will get ommitted and, rename may not be successfully done.

Now, If files starts with (.) it will be hidden generally in macintosh, whenever you make some folder it make .DS_Store file by default, which is hidden.

In most of the programs, Line starting with "#" is comment.

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Assorted Non-Command Features:-

All commands List
1). Open Terminal, and press "Tab", it will say open all 4119 possibilites, those all are list of commands

Tab Completion
1). in a text terminal will autocomplete the command on condition that there is only one option. 

Command History
1). Press key and you will get your command which you typed earlier, but this is limited to one session only.

Scroll through Multiple page output.
1). Press + or to scroll through all pages.

Screen Reolution in GUI
1). Press "<+>" to increase the reolution.
2). Press "<->" to decrease the resolution.

Note:- In X-Windows it may be necessary to add the resolution setting size to "X-Windows" configuration file (eg. "/etc/X11/XF86Config"), The first resolution size identified will be default setting.

Terminating the GUI Environment
There are certain times when it becomes hard to close the GUI Environment, than on those time you can kill the X-Windows Environment by using either of the key combinations:-

Code:

1).   :- This will terminate and will provide command line.
2).   :- The majority of distro will catch this and will reboot the system.

Terminating a running Applications:-
There are sometimes when application too dont respond properly than you can kill their process too by typing pressing below command:-

Code:

:- This will send kill signal to the current process.

Close a terminal Window
To terminate the current terminal window use this command

Code:

Note:- If you press this twice, you will be log out.

Stopping and Resuming Transfers
To stop press below command

Code:

To resume it back press :-

Code:

Placing Current Process in the background:-
There are times when the current running application does not need to be monitored than you type the command to run it in background.

Code:

The other Parts [Part 2], [Part 3], [Part 4] will be provided next time, for now, let me take some rest. If you follow all those parts, than you can easily handle any Linux Operating System.

If I have missed any command or information in above topics do notify me y replying here, I will add them. 

Thanks

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